Home Books by K. N. King Short courses Recommended books Recommended links FAQ

Brief Contents Basic Features of C 1 Introducing C 1 2 C Fundamentals 9 3 Formatted Input/Output 37 4 Expressions 53 5 Selection Statements 73 6 Loops 99 7 Basic Types 125 8 Arrays 161 9 Functions 183 10 Program Organization 219 Advanced Features of C 11 Pointers 241 12 Pointers and Arrays 257 13 Strings 277 14 The Preprocessor 315 15 Writing Large Programs 349 16 Structures, Unions, and Enumerations 377 17 Advanced Uses of Pointers 413 18 Declarations 457 19 Program Design 483 20 Low-Level Programming 509 The Standard C Library 21 The Standard Library 529 22 Input/Output 539 23 Library Support for Numbers and Character Data 589 24 Error Handling 627 25 International Features 641 26 Miscellaneous Library Functions 677 27 Additional C99 Support for Mathematics 705 Reference A C Operators 735 B C99 versus C89 737 C C89 versus K&R C 743 D Standard Library Functions 747 E ASCII Character Set 801 Bibliography 803 Index 807 Full Contents Preface xxi   1 Introducing C 1 1.1 History of C 1 Origins 1 Standardization 2 C-Based Languages 3 1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of C 4 Strengths 4 Weaknesses 5 Effective Use of C 6   2 C Fundamentals 9 2.1 Writing a Simple Program 9 Program: Printing a Pun 9 Compiling and Linking 10 Integrated Development Environments 11 2.2 The General Form of a Simple Program 12 Directives 12 Functions 13 Statements 14 Printing Strings 14 2.3 Comments 15 2.4 Variables and Assignment 17 Types 17 Declarations 17 Assignment 18 Printing the Value of a Variable 19 Program: Computing the Dimensional Weight of a Box 20 Initialization 21 Printing Expressions 22 2.5 Reading Input 22 Program: Computing the Dimensional Weight of a Box (Revisited) 22 2.6 Defining Names for Constants 23 Program: Converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius 24 2.7 Identifiers 25 Keywords 26 2.8 Layout of a C Program 27   3 Formatted Input/Output 37 3.1 The printf Function 37 Conversion Specifications 38 Program: Using printf to Format Numbers 40 Escape Sequences 41 3.2 The scanf Function 42 How scanf Works 43 Ordinary Characters in Format Strings 45 Confusing printf with scanf 45 Program: Adding Fractions 46   4 Expressions 53 4.1 Arithmetic Operators 54 Operator Precedence and Associativity 55 Program: Computing a UPC Check Digit 56 4.2 Assignment Operators 58 Simple Assignment 58 Lvalues 59 Compound Assignment 60 4.3 Increment and Decrement Operators 61 4.4 Expression Evaluation 62 Order of Subexpression Evaluation 64 4.5 Expression Statements 65   5 Selection Statements 73 5.1 Logical Expressions 74 Relational Operators 74 Equality Operators 75 Logical Operators 75 5.2 The if Statement 76 Compound Statements 77 The else Clause 78 Cascaded if Statements 80 Program: Calculating a Broker's Commission 81 The "Dangling else" Problem 82 Conditional Expressions 83 Boolean Values in C89 84 Boolean Values in C99 85 5.3 The switch Statement 86 The Role of the break Statement 88 Program: Printing a Date in Legal Form 89   6 Loops 99 6.1 The while Statement 99 Infinite Loops 101 Program: Printing a Table of Squares 102 Program: Summing a Series of Numbers 102 6.2 The do Statement 103 Program: Calculating the Number of Digits in an Integer 104 6.3 The for Statement 105 for Statement Idioms 106 Omitting Expressions in a for Statement 107 for Statements in C99 108 The Comma Operator 109 Program: Printing a Table of Squares (Revisited) 110 6.4 Exiting from a Loop 111 The break Statement 111 The continue Statement 112 The goto Statement 113 Program: Balancing a Checkbook 114 6.5 The Null Statement 116   7 Basic Types 125 7.1 Integer Types 125 Integer Types in C99 128 Integer Constants 128 Integer Constants in C99 129 Integer Overflow 130 Reading and Writing Integers 130 Program: Summing a Series of Numbers (Revisited) 131 7.2 Floating Types 132 Floating Constants 133 Reading and Writing Floating-Point Numbers 134 7.3 Character Types 134 Operations on Characters 135 Signed and Unsigned Characters 136 Arithmetic Types 136 Escape Sequences 137 Character-Handling Functions 138 Reading and Writing Characters using scanf and printf 139 Reading and Writing Characters using getchar and putchar 140 Program: Determining the Length of a Message 141 7.4 Type Conversion 142 The Usual Arithmetic Conversions 143 Conversion During Assignment 145 Implicit Conversions in C99 146 Casting 147 7.5 Type Definitions 149 Advantages of Type Definitions 149 Type Definitions and Portability 150 7.6 The sizeof Operator 151   8 Arrays 161 8.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 161 Array Subscripting 162 Program: Reversing a Series of Numbers 164 Array Initialization 164 Designated Initializers 165 Program: Checking a Number for Repeated Digits 166 Using the sizeof Operator with Arrays 167 Program: Computing Interest 168 8.2 Multidimensional Arrays 169 Initializing a Multidimensional Array 171 Constant Arrays 172 Program: Dealing a Hand of Cards 172 8.3 Variable-Length Arrays (C99) 174   9 Functions 183 9.1 Defining and Calling Functions 183 Program: Computing Averages 184 Program: Printing a Countdown 185 Program: Printing a Pun (Revisited) 186 Function Definitions 187 Function Calls 189 Program: Testing Whether a Number Is Prime 190 9.2 Function Declarations 191 9.3 Arguments 193 Argument Conversions 194 Array Arguments 195 Variable-Length Array Parameters 198 Using static in Array Parameter Declarations 200 Compound Literals 200 9.4 The return Statement 201 9.5 Program Termination 202 The exit Function 203 9.6 Recursion 204 The Quicksort Algorithm 205 Program: Quicksort 207   10 Program Organization 219 10.1 Local Variables 219 Static Local Variables 220 Parameters 221 10.2 External Variables 221 Example: Using External Variables to Implement a Stack 221 Pros and Cons of External Variables 222 Program: Guessing a Number 224 10.3 Blocks 227 10.4 Scope 228 10.5 Organizing a C Program 229 Program: Classifying a Poker Hand 230   11 Pointers 241 11.1 Pointer Variables 241 Declaring Pointer Variables 242 11.2 The Address and Indirection Operators 243 The Address Operator 243 The Indirection Operator 244 11.3 Pointer Assignment 245 11.4 Pointers as Arguments 247 Program: Finding the Largest and Smallest Elements in an Array 249 Using const to Protect Arguments 250 11.5 Pointers as Return Values 251   12 Pointers and Arrays 257 12.1 Pointer Arithmetic 257 Adding an Integer to a Pointer 258 Subtracting an Integer from a Pointer 259 Subtracting One Pointer from Another 259 Comparing Pointers 260 Pointers to Compound Literals 260 12.2 Using Pointers for Array Processing 260 Combining the * and ++ Operators 262 12.3 Using an Array Name as a Pointer 263 Program: Reversing a Series of Numbers (Revisited) 264 Array Arguments (Revisited) 265 Using a Pointer as an Array Name 266 12.4 Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays 267 Processing the Elements of a Multidimensional Array 267 Processing the Rows of a Multidimensional Array 268 Processing the Columns of a Multidimensional Array 269 Using the Name of a Multidimensional Array as a Pointer 269 12.5 Pointers and Variable-Length Arrays (C99) 270   13 Strings 277 13.1 String Literals 277 Escape Sequences in String Literals 278 Continuing a String Literal 278 How String Literals Are Stored 279 Operations on String Literals 279 String Literals versus Character Constants 280 13.2 String Variables 281 Initializing a String Variable 281 Character Arrays versus Character Pointers 283 13.3 Reading and Writing Strings 284 Writing Strings Using printf and puts 284 Reading Strings Using scanf and gets 285 Reading Strings Character by Character 286 13.4 Accessing the Characters in a String 287 13.5 Using the C String Library 289 The strcpy (String Copy) Function 290 The strlen (String Length) Function 291 The strcat (String Concatenation) Function 291 The strcmp (String Comparison) Function 292 Program: Printing a One-Month Reminder List 293 13.6 String Idioms 296 Searching for the End of a String 296 Copying a String 298 13.7 Arrays of Strings 300 Command-Line Arguments 302 Program: Checking Planet Names 303   14 The Preprocessor 315 14.1 How the Preprocessor Works 315 14.2 Preprocessing Directives 318 14.3 Macro Definitions 319 Simple Macros 319 Parameterized Macros 321 The # Operator 324 The ## Operator 324 General Properties of Macros 325 Parentheses in Macro Definitions 326 Creating Longer Macros 328 Predefined Macros 329 Additional Predefined Macros in C99 330 Empty Macro Arguments 331 Macros with a Variable Number of Arguments 332 The __func__ Identifier 333 14.4 Conditional Compilation 333 The #if and #endif Directives 334 The defined Operator 335 The #ifdef and #ifndef Directives 335 The #elif and #else Directives 336 Uses of Conditional Compilation 337 14.5 Miscellaneous Directives 338 The #error Directive 338 The #line Directive 339 The #pragma Directive 340 The _Pragma Operator 341   15 Writing Large Programs 349 15.1 Source Files 349 15.2 Header Files 350 The #include Directive 351 Sharing Macro Definitions and Type Definitions 353 Sharing Function Prototypes 354 Sharing Variable Declarations 355 Nested Includes 357 Protecting Header Files 357 #error Directives in Header Files 358 15.3 Dividing a Program into Files 359 Program: Text Formatting 359 15.4 Building a Multiple-File Program 366 Makefiles 366 Errors During Linking 368 Rebuilding a Program 369 Defining Macros Outside a Program 371   16 Structures, Unions, and Enumerations 377 16.1 Structure Variables 377 Declaring Structure Variables 378 Initializing Structure Variables 379 Designated Initializers 380 Operations on Structures 381 16.2 Structure Types 382 Declaring a Structure Tag 383 Defining a Structure Type 384 Structures as Arguments and Return Values 384 Compound Literals 386 16.3 Nested Arrays and Structures 386 Nested Structures 387 Arrays of Structures 387 Initializing an Array of Structures 388 Program: Maintaining a Parts Database 389 16.4 Unions 396 Using Unions to Save Space 398 Using Unions to Build Mixed Data Structures 399 Adding a "Tag Field" to a Union 400 16.5 Enumerations 401 Enumeration Tags and Type Names 402 Enumerations as Integers 403 Using Enumerations to Declare "Tag Fields" 404   17 Advanced Uses of Pointers 413 17.1 Dynamic Storage Allocation 414 Memory Allocation Functions 414 Null Pointers 414 17.2 Dynamically Allocated Strings 416 Using malloc to Allocate Memory for a String 416 Using Dynamic Storage Allocation in String Functions 417 Arrays of Dynamically Allocated Strings 418 Program: Printing a One-Month Reminder List (Revisited) 418 17.3 Dynamically Allocated Arrays 420 Using malloc to Allocate Storage for an Array 420 The calloc Function 421 The realloc Function 421 17.4 Deallocating Storage 422 The free Function 423 The "Dangling Pointer" Problem 424 17.5 Linked Lists 424 Declaring a Node Type 425 Creating a Node 425 The -> Operator 426 Inserting a Node at the Beginning of a Linked List 427 Searching a Linked List 429 Deleting a Node from a Linked List 431 Ordered Lists 433 Program: Maintaining a Parts Database (Revisited) 433 17.6 Pointers to Pointers 438 17.7 Pointers to Functions 439 Function Pointers as Arguments 439 The qsort Function 440 Other Uses of Function Pointers 442 Program: Tabulating the Trigonometric Functions 443 17.8 Restricted Pointers (C99) 445 17.9 Flexible Array Members (C99) 447   18 Declarations 457 18.1 Declaration Syntax 457 18.2 Storage Classes 459 Properties of Variables 459 The auto Storage Class 460 The static Storage Class 461 The extern Storage Class 462 The register Storage Class 463 The Storage Class of a Function 464 Summary 465 18.3 Type Qualifiers 466 18.4 Declarators 467 Deciphering Complex Declarations 468 Using Type Definitions to Simplify Declarations 470 18.5 Initializers 470 Uninitialized Variables 472 18.6 Inline Functions (C99) 472 Inline Definitions 473 Restrictions on Inline Functions 474 Using Inline Functions with GCC 475   19 Program Design 483 19.1 Modules 484 Cohesion and Coupling 486 Types of Modules 486 19.2 Information Hiding 487 A Stack Module 487 19.3 Abstract Data Types 491 Encapsulation 492 Incomplete Types 492 19.4 A Stack Abstract Data Type 493 Defining the Interface for the Stack ADT 493 Implementing the Stack ADT Using a Fixed-Length Array 495 Changing the Item Type in the Stack ADT 496 Implementing the Stack ADT Using a Dynamic Array 497 Implementing the Stack ADT Using a Linked List 499 19.5 Design Issues for Abstract Data Types 502 Naming Conventions 502 Error Handling 502 Generic ADTs 503 ADTs in Newer Languages 503   20 Low-Level Programming 509 20.1 Bitwise Operators 509 Bitwise Shift Operators 510 Bitwise Complement, And, Exclusive Or, and Inclusive Or 511 Using the Bitwise Operators to Access Bits 512 Using the Bitwise Operators to Access Bit-Fields 513 Program: XOR Encryption 514 20.2 Bit-Fields in Structures 516 How Bit-Fields Are Stored 517 20.3 Other Low-Level Techniques 518 Defining Machine-Dependent Types 518 Using Unions to Provide Multiple Views of Data 519 Using Pointers as Addresses 520 Program: Viewing Memory Locations 521 The volatile Type Qualifier 523   21 The Standard Library 529 21.1 Using the Library 529 Restrictions on Names Used in the Library 530 Functions Hidden by Macros 531 21.2 C89 Library Overview 531 21.3 C99 Library Changes 534 21.4 The <stddef.h> Header: Common Definitions 535 21.5 The <stdbool.h> Header (C99): Boolean Type and Values 536   22 Input/Output 539 22.1 Streams 540 File Pointers 540 Standard Streams and Redirection 540 Text Files versus Binary Files 541 22.2 File Operations 543 Opening a File 543 Modes 544 Closing a File 545 Attaching a File to an Open Stream 546 Obtaining File Names from the Command Line 546 Program: Checking Whether a File Can Be Opened 547 Temporary Files 548 File Buffering 549 Miscellaneous File Operations 551 22.3 Formatted I/O 551 The …printf Functions 552 …printf Conversion Specifications 552 C99 Changes to …printf Conversion Specifications 555 Examples of …printf Conversion Specifications 556 The …scanf Functions 558 …scanf Format Strings 559 …scanf Conversion Specifications 560 C99 Changes to …scanf Conversion Specifications 562 scanf Examples 563 Detecting End-of-File and Error Conditions 564 22.4 Character I/O 566 Output Functions 566 Input Functions 567 Program: Copying a File 568 22.5 Line I/O 569 Output Functions 569 Input Functions 570 22.6 Block I/O 571 22.7 File Positioning 572 Program: Modifying a File of Part Records 574 22.8 String I/O 575 Output Functions 576 Input Functions 576   23 Library Support for Numbers and Character Data 589 23.1 The <float.h> Header: Characteristics of Floating Types 589 23.2 The <limits.h> Header: Sizes of Integer Types 591 23.3 The <math.h> Header (C89): Mathematics 593 Errors 593 Trigonometric Functions 594 Hyperbolic Functions 595 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 595 Power Functions 596 Nearest Integer, Absolute Value, and Remainder Functions 596 23.4 The <math.h> Header (C99): Mathematics 597 IEEE Floating-Point Standard 598 Types 599 Macros 600 Errors 600 Functions 601 Classification Macros 602 Trigonometric Functions 603 Hyperbolic Functions 603 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 604 Power and Absolute Value Functions 605 Error and Gamma Functions 606 Nearest Integer Functions 606 Remainder Functions 608 Manipulation Functions 608 Maximum, Minimum, and Positive Difference Functions 609 Floating Multiply-Add 610 Comparison Macros 611 23.5 The <ctype.h> Header: Character Handling 612 Character-Classification Functions 612 Program: Testing the Character-Classification Functions 613 Character Case-Mapping Functions 614 Program: Testing the Case-Mapping Functions 614 23.6 The <string.h> Header: String Handling 615 Copying Functions 616 Concatenation Functions 617 Comparison Functions 617 Search Functions 619 Miscellaneous Functions 622   24 Error Handling 627 24.1 The <assert.h> Header: Diagnostics 628 24.2 The <errno.h> Header: Errors 629 The perror and strerror Functions 630 24.3 The <signal.h> Header: Signal Handling 631 Signal Macros 631 The signal Function 632 Predefined Signal Handlers 633 The raise Function 634 Program: Testing Signals 634 24.4 The <setjmp.h> Header: Nonlocal Jumps 635 Program: Testing setjmp/longjmp 636   25 International Features 641 25.1 The <locale.h> Header: Localization 642 Categories 642 The setlocale Function 643 The localeconv Function 644 25.2 Multibyte Characters and Wide Characters 647 Multibyte Characters 648 Wide Characters 649 Unicode and the Universal Character Set 649 Encodings of Unicode 650 Multibyte/Wide-Character Conversion Functions 651 Multibyte/Wide-String Conversion Functions 653 25.3 Digraphs and Trigraphs 654 Trigraphs 654 Digraphs 655 The <iso646.h> Header: Alternative Spellings 656 25.4 Universal Character Names (C99) 656 25.5 The <wchar.h> Header (C99): Extended Multibyte and Wide-Character Utilities 657 Stream Orientation 658 Formatted Wide-Character Input/Output Functions 659 Wide-Character Input/Output Functions 661 General Wide-String Utilities 662 Wide-Character Time-Conversion Functions 667 Extended Multibyte/Wide-Character Conversion Utilities 667 25.6 The <wctype.h> Header (C99): Wide-Character Classification and Mapping Utilities 671 Wide-Character Classification Functions 671 Extensible Wide-Character Classification Functions 672 Wide-Character Case-Mapping Functions 673 Extensible Wide-Character Case-Mapping Functions 673   26 Miscellaneous Library Functions 677 26.1 The <stdarg.h> Header: Variable Arguments 677 Calling a Function with a Variable Argument List 679 The v…printf Functions 680 The v…scanf Functions 681 26.2 The <stdlib.h> Header: General Utilities 682 Numeric Conversion Functions 682 Program: Testing the Numeric Conversion Functions 684 Pseudo-Random Sequence Generation Functions 686 Program: Testing the Pseudo-Random Sequence Generation Functions 687 Communication with the Environment 687 Searching and Sorting Utilities 689 Program: Determining Air Mileage 690 Integer Arithmetic Functions 691 26.3 The <time.h> Header: Date and Time 692 Time Manipulation Functions 693 Time Conversion Functions 695 Program: Displaying the Date and Time 698   27 Additional C99 Support for Mathematics 705 27.1 The <stdint.h> Header (C99): Integer Types 705 <stdint.h> Types 706 Limits of Specified-Width Integer Types 707 Limits of Other Integer Types 708 Macros for Integer Constants 708 27.2 The <inttypes.h> Header (C99): Format Conversion of Integer Types 709 Macros for Format Specifiers 710 Functions for Greatest-Width Integer Types 711 27.3 Complex Numbers (C99) 712 Definition of Complex Numbers 713 Complex Arithmetic 714 Complex Types in C99 714 Operations on Complex Numbers 715 Conversion Rules for Complex Types 715 27.4 The <complex.h> Header (C99): Complex Arithmetic 717 <complex.h> Macros 717 The CX_LIMITED_RANGE Pragma 718 <complex.h> Functions 718 Trigonometric Functions 719 Hyperbolic Functions 720 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 721 Power and Absolute-Value Functions 721 Manipulation Functions 722 Program: Finding the Roots of a Quadratic Equation 722 27.5 The <tgmath.h> Header (C99): Type-Generic Math 723 Type-Generic Macros 724 Invoking a Type-Generic Macro 725 27.6 The <fenv.h> Header (C99): Floating-Point Environment 726 Floating-Point Status Flags and Control Modes 727 <fenv.h> Macros 727 The FENV_ACCESS Pragma 728 Floating-Point Exception Functions 729 Rounding Functions 730 Environment Functions 730 Appendix A – C Operators 735 Appendix B – C99 versus C89 737 Appendix C – C89 versus K&R C 743 Appendix D – Standard Library Functions 747 Appendix E – ASCII Character Set 801 Bibliography 803 Index 807 Copyright © 2008 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

	Web knking.com