Brief Contents
Basic Features of C
1 Introducing C 1
2 C Fundamentals 9
3 Formatted Input/Output 31
4 Expressions 45
5 Selection Statements 63
6 Loops 85
7 Basic Types 109
8 Arrays 139
9 Functions 155
10 Program Organization 185
Advanced Features of C
11 Pointers 205
12 Pointers and Arrays 221
13 Strings 239
14 The Preprocessor 273
15 Writing Large Programs 303
16 Structures, Unions, and Enumerations 329
17 Advanced Uses of Pointers 359
18 Declarations 399
19 Program Design 419
20 Low-Level Programming 451
The Standard C Library
21 The Standard Library
467
22 Input/Output 75
23 Library Support for Numbers and Character
Data 519
24 Error Handling 539
25 International Features 551
26 Miscellaneous Library Functions 563
Reference
A C Syntax 587
B C Operators 595
C Standard C versus Classic C 597
D Standard Library Functions 601
E ASCII Character Set 637
Bibliography 639
Index 643
Full Contents
Preface xix
1 Introducing
C 1
1.1 History of C 1
Origins 1
Standardization 2
C++ 3
1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of C 3
Strengths 4
Weaknesses 5
Effective Use of C 6
2 C
Fundamentals 9
2.1 Writing a Simple Program 9
PROGRAM: Printing a Pun 9
Compiling and Linking 10
2.2 The General Form of a Simple Program
11
Directives 12
Functions 12
Statements 13
Printing Strings 14
2.3 Comments 14
2.4 Variables and Assignment 16
Types 16
Declarations 17
Assignment 17
Printing the Value of a Variable 18
PROGRAM: Computing the Dimensional Weight of a Box 18
Initialization 19
Printing Expressions 20
2.5 Reading Input 20
PROGRAM: Computing the Dimensional Weight
of a Box (Revisited) 21
2.6 Defining Constants 21
PROGRAM: Converting from Fahrenheit to
Celsius 22
2.7 Identifiers 23
Keywords 24
2.8 Layout of a C Program 25
3 Formatted
Input/Output 31
3.1 The printf Function 31
Conversion Specifications 32
PROGRAM: Using printf to Format Numbers 34
Escape Sequences 35
3.2 The scanf Function 36
How scanf Works 37
Ordinary Characters in Format Strings 39
Confusing printf with scanf 39
PROGRAM: Computing the Value of Stock Holdings 40
4 Expressions
45
4.1 Arithmetic Operators 46
Operator Precedence and Associativity 47
PROGRAM: Computing a UPC Check Digit 48
4.2 Assignment Operators 50
Simple Assignment 50
Lvalues 51
Compound Assignment 52
4.3 Increment and Decrement Operators
53
4.4 Expression Evaluation 54
Order of Subexpression Evaluation 55
4.5 Expression Statements 57
5 Selection
Statements 63
5.1 Logical Expressions 64
Relational Operators 64
Equality Operators 65
Logical Operators 65
5.2 The if Statement 66
Compound Statements 67
The else Clause 68
Cascaded if Statements 69
PROGRAM: Calculating a Broker's Commission 70
The "Dangling else" Problem 71
Conditional Expressions 72
Boolean Values 73
5.3 The switch Statement
74
The Role of the break Statement
76
PROGRAM: Printing a Date in Legal Form 77
6 Loops
85
6.1 The while Statement 85
Infinite Loops 87
PROGRAM: Printing a Table of Squares 88
PROGRAM: Summing a Series of Numbers 88
6.2 The do Statement 89
PROGRAM: Calculating the Number of Digits
in an Integer 90
6.3 The for Statement 91
for
Statement Idioms 92
Omitting Expressions in a for Statement 93
The Comma Operator 94
PROGRAM: Printing a Table of Squares (Revisited) 95
6.4 Exiting from a Loop 96
The break Statement 97
The continue Statement 98
The goto Statement 98
PROGRAM: Balancing a Checkbook 99
6.5 The Null Statement 102
7 Basic
Types 109
7.1 Integer Types 109
Integer Constants 111
Reading and Writing Integers 112
PROGRAM: Summing a Series of Numbers (Revisited) 113
7.2 Floating Types 114
Floating Constants 115
Reading and Writing Floating-Point Numbers 116
7.3 Character Types 116
Escape Sequences 118
Character-Handling Functions 120
Reading and Writing Characters 120
PROGRAM: Determining the Length of a Message 122
7.4 The sizeof Operator 123
7.5 Type Conversion 124
The Usual Arithmetic Conversions 125
Conversion During Assignment 127
Casting 127
7.6 Type Definitions 129
8 Arrays
139
8.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 139
Array Subscripting 140
PROGRAM: Reversing a Series of Numbers 142
Array Initialization 142
PROGRAM: Checking a Number for Repeated Digits 143
Using the sizeof Operator with Arrays 144
PROGRAM: Computing Interest 145
8.2 Multidimensional Arrays 146
Initializing a Multidimensional Array 147
Constant Arrays 148
PROGRAM: Dealing a Hand of Cards 149
9 Functions
155
9.1 Defining and Calling Functions 155
PROGRAM: Computing Averages 156
PROGRAM: Printing a Countdown 157
PROGRAM: Printing a Pun (Revisited) 158
Function Definitions 159
Function Calls 161
PROGRAM: Testing Whether a Number Is Prime 162
9.2 Function Declarations 163
9.3 Arguments 165
Argument Conversions 166
Array Arguments 167
9.4 The return Statement
169
9.5 Program Termination 170
The exit Function 171
9.6 Recursive Functions 172
The Quicksort Algorithm 173
PROGRAM: Quicksort 175
10 Program
Organization 185
10.1 Local Variables 185
Parameters 186
10.2 External Variables 186
Example: Using External Variables to Implement
a Stack 187
Pros and Cons of External Variables 188
PROGRAM: Guessing a Number 189
10.3 Blocks 193
10.4 Scope 194
10.5 Organizing a C Program 195
PROGRAM: Classifying a Poker Hand 196
11 Pointers
205
11.1 Pointer Variables 205
Declaring Pointer Variables 206
11.2 The Address and Indirection Operators
207
The Address Operator 207
The Indirection Operator 208
11.3 Pointer Assignment 209
11.4 Pointers as Arguments 211
PROGRAM: Finding the Largest and Smallest
Elements in an Array 213
Using const to Protect Arguments 214
11.5 Pointers as Return Values 215
12 Pointers
and Arrays 221
12.1 Pointer Arithmetic 221
Adding an Integer to a Pointer 222
Subtracting an Integer from a Pointer 223
Subtracting Pointers 223
Comparing Pointers 224
12.2 Using Pointers for Array Processing
224
Combining the * and ++
Operators 225
12.3 Using an Array Name as a Pointer
227
PROGRAM: Reversing a Series of Numbers
(Revisited) 228
Array Arguments (Revisited) 229
Using a Pointer as an Array Name 230
12.4 Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays
231
Processing the Elements of a Multidimensional
Array 231
Processing the Rows of a Multidimensional Array 232
Using the Name of a Multidimensional Array as a Pointer 233
13 Strings
239
13.1 String Literals 239
Escape Sequences in String Literals 240
Continuing a String Literal 240
How String Literals Are Stored 241
Operations on String Literals 241
String Literals versus Character Constants 242
13.2 String Variables 243
Initializing a String Variable 243
Character Arrays versus Character Pointers 245
13.3 Reading and Writing Strings 246
Writing Strings Using printf
and puts 246
Reading Strings Using scanf and gets
247
Reading Strings Character by Character 248
13.4 Accessing the Characters in a String
249
13.5 Using the C String Library 251
The strcpy (String Copy) Function
252
The strcat (String Concatenate) Function 253
The strcmp (String Compare) Function 253
The strlen (String Length) Function 254
PROGRAM: Printing a One-Month Reminder List 255
13.6 String Idioms 257
Searching for the End of a String 257
Copying a String 259
13.7 Arrays of Strings 261
Command-Line Arguments 263
PROGRAM: Checking Planet Names 265
14 The
Preprocessor 273
14.1 How the Preprocessor Works 273
14.2 Preprocessor Directives 276
14.3 Macro Definition 277
Simple Macros 277
Parameterized Macros 279
The # Operator 282
The ## Operator 282
General Properties of Macros 283
Parentheses in Macro Definitions 285
Creating Longer Macros 286
Predefined Macros 287
14.4 Conditional Compilation 288
The #if and #endif
Directives 288
The defined Operator 289
The #ifdef and #ifndef Directives 290
The #elif and #else Directives 291
Uses of Conditional Compilation 291
14.5 Miscellaneous Directives 293
The #error Directive 293
The #line Directive 294
The #pragma Directive 295
15 Writing
Large Programs 303
15.1 Source Files 303
15.2 Header Files 305
The #include Directive 305
Sharing Macro Definitions and Type Definitions 306
Sharing Function Prototypes 307
Sharing Variable Declarations 309
Nested Includes 310
Protecting Header Files 311
#error Directives in Header Files 312
15.3 Dividing a Program into Files 313
PROGRAM: Text Formatting 313
15.4 Building a Multiple-File Program
320
Makefiles 320
Errors During Linking 322
Rebuilding a Program 322
Defining Macros Outside a Program 324
16 Structures,
Unions, and Enumerations 329
16.1 Structure Variables 329
Declaring Structure Variables 330
Initializing Structure Variables 331
Operations on Structures 332
16.2 Structure Types 333
Declaring a Structure Tag 334
Defining a Structure Type 335
Structures as Arguments and Return Values 335
16.3 Nested Arrays and Structures 337
Nested Structures 337
Arrays of Structures 338
Initializing an Array of Structures 338
PROGRAM: Maintaining a Parts Database 339
16.4 Unions 345
Using Unions to Save Space 347
Using Unions to Build Mixed Data Structures 348
Adding a "Tag Field" to a Union 349
16.5 Enumerations 350
Enumeration Tags and Types 351
Enumerations as Integers 352
Using Enumerations to Declare "Tag Fields" 353
17 Advanced
Uses of Pointers 359
17.1 Dynamic Storage Allocation 359
Memory Allocation Functions 360
Null Pointers 360
17.2 Dynamically Allocated Strings 361
Using malloc to Allocate Memory
for a String 361
Using Dynamic Storage Allocation in String Functions 362
Arrays of Dynamically Allocated Strings 363
PROGRAM: Printing a One-Month Reminder List (Revisited) 364
17.3 Dynamically Allocated Arrays 365
Using malloc to Allocate Storage
for an Array 366
The calloc Function 366
The realloc Function 367
17.4 Deallocating Storage 368
The free Function 369
The "Dangling Pointer" Problem 369
17.5 Linked Lists 370
Declaring a Node Type 370
Creating Nodes 371
The -> Operator 372
Inserting a Node at the Beginning of a Linked List 373
Searching a Linked List 375
Deleting a Node from a Linked List 376
Ordered Lists 378
PROGRAM: Maintaining a Parts Database (Revisited) 379
17.6 Pointers to Pointers 384
17.7 Pointers to Functions 385
Function Pointers as Arguments 385
The qsort Function 386
Other Uses of Function Pointers 388
PROGRAM: Tabulating the Trigonometric Functions 389
18 Declarations
399
18.1 Declaration Syntax 399
18.2 Storage Classes 401
Properties of Variables 401
The auto Storage Class 402
The static Storage Class 403
The extern Storage Class 404
The register Storage Class 405
The Storage Class of a Function 406
Summary 407
18.3 Type Qualifiers 407
18.4 Declarators 408
Deciphering Complex Declarations 410
Using Type Definitions to Simplify Declarations 411
18.5 Initializers 412
Uninitialized Variables 413
19 Program
Design 419
19.1 Modules 420
Cohesion and Coupling 422
Types of Modules 422
19.2 Information Hiding 423
A Stack Module 423
19.3 Abstract Data Types 426
Encapsulation 427
19.4 C++ 428
Differences between C and C++ 429
Classes 431
Class Definitions 432
Member Functions 433
Constructors 435
Constructors and Dynamic Storage Allocation 436
Destructors 437
Overloading 438
Object-Oriented Programming 441
Derivation 441
Virtual Functions 443
Templates 445
Exception Handling 446
20 Low-Level
Programming 451
20.1 Bitwise Operators 451
Bitwise Shift Operators 452
Bitwise Complement, And, Exclusive Or, and Inclusive Or 453
Using the Bitwise Operators to Access Bits 454
Using the Bitwise Operators to Access Bit-Fields 455
PROGRAM: XOR Encryption 456
20.2 Bit-Fields in Structures 458
How Bit-Fields Are Stored 459
20.3 Other Low-Level Techniques 460
Defining Machine-Dependent Types 460
Using Unions to Provide Multiple Views of Data 461
Using Pointers as Addresses 462
PROGRAM: Toggling the Num Lock Key 463
The volatile Type Qualifier 464
21 The
Standard Library 467
21.1 Using the Library 467
Restrictions on Names Used in the Library
468
Functions Hidden by Macros 468
21.2 Library Overview 469
21.3 The <stddef.h>
Header: Common Definitions 471
22 Input/Output
475
22.1 Streams 476
File Pointers 476
Standard Streams and Redirection 476
Text Files versus Binary Files 477
22.2 File Operations 478
Opening a File 479
Modes 479
Closing a File 480
Attaching a File to a Stream 481
Obtaining File Names from the Command Line 481
PROGRAM: Checking Whether a File Can Be Opened 482
Temporary Files 483
File Buffering 484
Miscellaneous File Operations 486
22.3 Formatted I/O 486
The ...printf Functions 487
...printf Conversion Specifications 487
Examples of ...printf Conversion Specifications
490
The ...scanf Functions 492
...scanf Format Strings 492
...scanf Conversion Specifications 493
scanf Examples 495
Detecting End-of-File and Error Conditions 496
22.4 Character I/O 498
Output Functions 498
Input Functions 499
PROGRAM: Copying a File 500
22.5 Line I/O 501
Output Functions 501
Input Functions 502
22.6 Block I/O 503
22.7 File Positioning 504
PROGRAM: Modifying a File of Part Records
506
22.8 String I/O 507
23 Library
Support for Numbers and Character Data 519
23.1 The <float.h>
Header: Characteristics of Floating Types 519
23.2 The <limits.h>
Header: Sizes of Integral Types 521
23.3 The <math.h> Header:
Mathematics 522
Errors 522
Trigonometric Functions 523
Hyperbolic Functions 523
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 524
Power Functions 525
Nearest Integer, Absolute Value, and Remainder Functions 525
23.4 The <ctype.h>
Header: Character Handling 526
Character-Testing Functions 527
PROGRAM: Testing the Character-Testing Functions 527
Character Case-Mapping Functions 528
PROGRAM: Testing the Case-Mapping Functions 529
23.5 The <string.h>
Header: String Handling 529
Copying Functions 530
Concatenation Functions 531
Comparison Functions 531
Search Functions 533
Miscellaneous Functions 536
24 Error
Handling 539
24.1 The <assert.h>
Header: Diagnostics 539
24.2 The <errno.h>
Header: Errors 541
The perror and strerror
Functions 541
24.3 The <signal.h>
Header: Signal Handling 542
Signal Macros 543
The signal Function 543
Predefined Signal Handlers 544
The raise Function 545
PROGRAM: Testing Signals 545
24.4 The <setjmp.h>
Header: Nonlocal Jumps 546
PROGRAM: Testing setjmp/longjmp
547
25 International
Features 551
25.1 The <locale.h>
Header: Localization 551
Categories 552
The setlocale Function 552
The localeconv Function 553
25.2 Multibyte Characters and Wide Characters
556
Multibyte Characters 556
Wide Characters 557
Multibyte Character Functions 558
Multibyte String Functions 559
25.3 Trigraph Sequences 560
26 Miscellaneous
Library Functions 563
26.1 The <stdarg.h>
Header: Variable Arguments 563
Calling a Function with a Variable Argument
List 565
The ...vprintf Functions 566
26.2 The <stdlib.h>
Header: General Utilities 567
String Conversion Functions 567
PROGRAM: Testing the String Conversion Functions 568
Pseudo-Random Sequence Generation Functions 570
PROGRAM: Testing the Pseudo-Random Sequence Generation Functions
571
Communication with the Environment 572
Searching and Sorting Utilities 573
PROGRAM: Determining Air Mileage 574
Integer Arithmetic Functions 575
26.3 The <time.h> Header:
Date and Time 576
Time Manipulation Functions 577
Time Conversion Functions 579
PROGRAM: Displaying the Date and Time 580
Appendix A C Syntax 587
Appendix B C Operators 595
Appendix C Standard C versus Classic C
597
Appendix D Standard Library Functions
601
Appendix E ASCII Character Set 637
Bibliography 639
Index 643
Copyright © 1996 W.
W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
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